As the personal computer became feasible in the early 1970s, the idea of a portable personal computer followed. A "personal, portable information manipulator" was imagined by
Alan Kay at
Xerox PARC in 1968,
[6] and described in his 1972 paper as the "
Dynabook".
[7]The IBM SCAMP project (Special Computer APL Machine Portable), was demonstrated in 1973. This prototype was based on the PALM processor (Put All Logic In Microcode).
The
IBM 5100, the first commercially available portable computer, appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype.
[8]As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased rapidly. The
Osborne 1, released in 1981, used the Zilog Z80 and weighed 23.6 pounds (10.7 kg). It had no battery, a 5 in (13 cm)
CRT screen, and dual 5.25 in (13.3 cm) single-density floppy drives. In the same year the first laptop-sized portable computer, the
Epson HX-20, was announced.
[9] The Epson had a
LCD screen, a rechargeable battery, and a calculator-size printer in a 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) chassis. Both
Tandy/RadioShack and
HP also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period.
[10][11]The first laptops using the
flip form factor appeared in the early 1980s. The
Dulmont Magnum was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85. The $8,150 ($18,540 today)
GRiD Compass 1100, released in 1982, was used at
NASA and by the military among others. The
Gavilan SC, released in 1983, was the first computer described as a "laptop" by its manufacturer
[12] From 1983 onward, several new input techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the
touchpad (
Gavilan SC, 1983), the
pointing stick (IBM
ThinkPad 700, 1992) and handwriting recognition (Linus Write-Top,
[13] 1987). Some CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel
i386SL, were designed to use minimum power to increase battery life of portable computers, and were supported by dynamic power management features such as Intel
SpeedStep and AMD
PowerNow! in some designs.